![]() It was used in tanning, wool production, and also by launderers as a source of ammonia to clean and whiten woollen togas. The urine collected from these public urinals was sold as an ingredient for several chemical processes. Vespasian imposed a urine tax on the distribution of urine from Rome's public urinals (the Roman lower classes urinated into pots, which were later emptied into cesspools). The tax was removed after a while, but it was re-enacted by Vespasian around 70 AD in order to fill the treasury. History " Vespasienne" in Montreal, Canada, 1930Ī tax on the disposal of urine was first imposed by Emperor Nero under the name of vectigal urinae in the 1st century AD. The phrase is ascribed to the Roman emperor Vespasian (ruled AD 69–79). Pecunia non olet is a Latin saying that means "money does not stink". UNODC Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery, Vienna, September 11-12, 2014 (CAC/COSP/WG.2/2014/CRP.3). The Italian experience in the management, use and disposal of frozen, seized and confiscated assets. What to consider as proceeds of crime for purposes of confiscation. Technical Guide to the United National Convention against Corruption. ![]() What is grand corruption and how can we stop it?. Examples of National Anti-Corruption Strategies. Washington: Institute for International Economics. Elliott (Ed.), Corruption and the global economy (pp. Confronting corruption: The elements of a National Integrity System. Judicial anti-corruption reforms in Bulgaria and the role of the EU in Bulgaria’s judiciary regulation. The American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417–427. Corruption and political development: A cost-benefit analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press. Washington DC: Economic Development Institute of the World Bank. Social marketing strategies to fight corruption. A typology of corrupt transactions in developing countries. Judgment no 1255 of J(the Santoro case), Italian Court of Cassation, cited in Raimondo v. Crime, Law and Social Change, 29, 209–224.Ĭ Cost, sent no 177/1980, OR Constitutional Court No. What can be done against public corruption and fraud: Expert views on strategies to protect public integrity. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 37(1), 65–82. Second Evaluation Report on Georgia, adopted by GRECO at its 31st Plenary Meeting (Strasbourg, 4–8 December 2006). Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism (CETS No. ![]() New York City: Oxford University Press.Ĭouncil of Europe (2005). ![]() Schapiro (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of jurisprudence and philosophy of law (pp. UNODC Bulleting on Narcotics, 4, 91–100.Īlexander, L. Effects of the new anti-mafia law on the proceeds of crime and on the Italian economy. The preventive mechanism also focuses on measuring the likelihood to commit illegal acts in the future, and management and usage of the proceeds from the illegal corrupt activity for socially oriented goals.Īlarchi, P. The approach includes various human rights protections established by the European Court of Human Rights such as the right to a fair trial, the right to property, and the rule of law. The normative side of the mechanism of preventive confiscation seeks to immunize the lawful economy from a “contamination” by the ill-procured assets through corruption. The normative change is observed in the preventive confiscation as the decision of the judicial or quasi-judicial organs is based on the degree of danger posed by the relevant person and corrupt activity on a suspicion-based inquiry, thus eliminating the need for criminal conviction. The preventive seizure and confiscation approach is analyzed as to its functions, purposes, and norm-changing effects. The mechanism of preventive non-conviction-based seizure and confiscation of assets derived from corrupt acts offers an intricate interplay of criminal and civil law norms. ![]()
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